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%ما هو (من)٪ 1 - تعريف
PROCEDURES FOR ISOLATING AND PURIFYING PRODUCTS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION
Workup (chemistry); Work-up (chemistry)
work something up
Work (thermodynamics)
![Joule's apparatus for measuring the [[mechanical equivalent of heat]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Joule's Apparatus (Harper's Scan).png?width=200 "Joule's apparatus for measuring the [[mechanical equivalent of heat]]")
ENERGY TRANSFER, OR ITS AMOUNT (& DIRECTION), IN A THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS DUE TO MACROSCOPIC FACTORS EXTERNAL TO A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
Work (Thermodynamics); Thermodynamic work; PV work; Pressure-volume work; Pressure volume work; Thermodynamical work
In thermodynamics, work performed by a system is energy transferred by the system to its surroundings, by a mechanism through which the system can spontaneously exert macroscopic forces on its surroundings. In the surroundings, through suitable passive linkages, the work can lift a weight, for example.
Work-up
In chemistry, work-up refers to the series of manipulations required to isolate and purify the product(s) of a chemical reaction.
ويكيبيديا
Work-up
In chemistry, work-up refers to the series of manipulations required to isolate and purify the product(s) of a chemical reaction. The term is used colloquially to refer to these manipulations, which may include:
- deactivating any unreacted reagents by quenching a reaction.
- cooling the reaction mixture or adding an antisolvent to induce precipitation, and collecting or removing the solids by filtration, decantation, or centrifugation.
- changing the protonation state of the products or impurities by adding an acid or base.
- separating the reaction mixture into organic and aqueous layers by liquid-liquid extraction.
- removal of solvents by evaporation.
- purification by chromatography, distillation or recrystallization.
The work-up steps required for a given chemical reaction may require one or more of these manipulations. Workup steps are not always explicitly shown in reaction schemes. Written experimental procedures will describe work-up steps but will usually not formally refer to them as a work-up.
أمثلة من مجموعة نصية لـ٪ 1
1. After Congress approved the money, Wade told unnamed Defense Department officials they had to "work something up" that would provide a "real benefit to CIFA," according to the prosecutors‘ documents.